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中国在人均国内生产总值(购买力平价)不足美国1/3的条件下,建成了与经合组织38国合计总量大体相当的教育人力资本。本文采用目标一致法,以历次规划的量化目标为基准,评估教育强国建设十五年(2010—2025年):主要普及与规模目标跨五年规划周期接续达成,劳动年龄人口平均受教育年限由2015年的10.2年升至2025年的11.3年;2023年人均预期受教育年限已达美国的97.5%,教育相对水平长期显著高于收入相对水平;2025年大专及以上人口达2.72亿人、为美国的2.4倍、为美国全部劳动年龄人口(2.20亿人)的1.24倍,教育人力资本存量达106.4亿人年,总人口达峰后仍将增至2035年的108.4亿人年,居世界各国首位。上述进展的制度基础,是以接续实施的五年规划为载体、经由战略定向、规划分解、财政保障、督导认定和目标迭代形成的"教育优先的规划治理";这一机制稳定运行所体现的,是一种"教育生产性国家能力"。中国正在从世界最大的人口之国转变为世界最大的人力资本之国。面向2035年,重点应由规模扩张转向质量提升、结构优化和拔尖创新人才培养。
Abstract:With GDP per capita(PPP) less than one-third of that of the United States, China has built a stock of educational human capital broadly comparable to the combined total of the 38 OECD countries. Adopting a goal-attainment approach and taking the quantitative targets of successive national plans as the benchmark, this paper assesses the fifteen years(2010—2025) of building China into a leading country in education. Major targets for universal access and scale were attained successively across five-year plan cycles: average years of schooling of the working-age population rose from 10.2 years in 2015 to 11.3 years in 2025. In 2023 expected years of schooling reached 97.5% of the U. S. level, and China's relative position in education has long been markedly higher than its relative position in income. By 2025 the population with an associate degree or higher reached 272 million, 2.4 times the corresponding U. S. population and 1.24 times the entire working-age population of the United States(220 million); the stock of educational human capital reached 10.64 billion person-years and, even after the total population peaked, will rise further to 10.84 billion personyears by 2035, the largest of any country. The institutional basis of this progress is "education-priority planning governance" —carried by successive five-year plans and formed through strategic orientation, plan decomposition, fiscal guarantee, supervision and accreditation, and target iteration; the stable operation of this mechanism manifests a "productive state capacity in education." China is moving from the world's most populous country to the world's largest holder of human capital. Looking to 2035, the emphasis should shift from expansion of scale to quality improvement, structural optimization and the cultivation of top innovative talent.
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基本信息:
DOI:10.15886/j.cnki.hnus.202607.0517
中图分类号:G521
引用信息:
[1]胡鞍钢,姜兴攀.教育强国建设(2010—2025)成效与2035年展望——教育优先的规划治理视角[J].海南大学学报(社会科学版)().DOI:10.15886/j.cnki.hnus.202607.0517.
基金信息:
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(24JZD007); 清华大学文科“双高”专项项目(53120600125)
2026-10-14
2026-10-14
2026-10-14